'In Defense of Food An Eater's Manifesto' By Michael Pollan Essay

'In Defense of Food An Eater's Manifesto' By Michael Pollan - Essay Example We are weak in a sense that we need to consult doctors and therapist to know what we must eat and follow the logo that processed food containers hold. We go by mob psychology without giving any judgment to what actually is the truth. Other animals and organisms do not have such requirements, they are capable of making a decision what they should eat and they eat what nature has offered them. Our story is different as we need a variety of different things to eat to stay fit and healthy. The author has thrown light upon the biased nature of human beings regarding what to eat, how much to eat and what sequence to follow. We have set certain parameters regarding with what a particular food item will go. This tendency came in picture because of a lot of variety has captured the market with guiding and misguiding food-labeling rules. Genetically modified food and all the variety of processed food has taken us away from our roots. What we are eating today is totally different from what our ancestors have eaten and most probably what our mothers have eaten. Food comes with various logos some are stating that they may protect against cancer but actually it has no such role. Some of the food items presented in the market are the result of vague kind of research that has been carried out in the market, for e.g. the genetically modified food are gaining much prominence these days. "Genetically Engineered" food is grown, manufactured, created, developed or changed by utilizing the techniques that brings changes in molecular or cell biology of an organism. This technique cannot be exploited in nature or under natural conditions. These techniques are mostly based on recombinant DNA technology, cell fusion, micro- and macroencapsulation, gene deletion or duplication, introduction of any gene from other organism through microinjection or by the process of transgenesis where the desired foreign gene is inserted in the early sates of development and also the techniques based on altering the position of the genes. The process does not include propagation, conjugation, fermentation, hybridization, in vitro fertilization and tissue culture method (Grubesic, 2005). These marketed food products are highly advertised in the TV, newspapers and magazines with big claims but according to the author the best food is what our grandmothers have eaten and recommends us. In the present era, in order to make maximum gains people are adopting unfair means to market the products by decorating them through packaging and variety of other methods to attract women and children. These processed food have no true food value and incorporate food additives for manufacturing, stuffing or in packaging, dispensation, preparing, treating, and packaging, food additives may also be used when long distance transporting is to be done or when the food item is to be kept for long duration. Now-a-days radiations are given to ensure the safety of food from chemicals. The food is labeled with the name of the company or firm or by any legal or commercial entity. If the research has provided us with the processed food items then research has also provided us the information about the repercussions of eating such products. The author has therefore recommended that if we eat modified food which claims to be rich in nutrition and possess

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services Research Paper

Management Information System Lead To Efficient Services - Research Paper Example   The problem in the Java books is the management of supply chain wherein the procured finished goods are sold to customers. Through inventory, the finished materials are recorded, stored, processed, received, and fulfilled for the effective control of operation because it establishes the consistent connection between the purchase of books and delivery.  The information system is significant in controlling the inventory of books because after it received orders, the computer-based systems will process the changes in the data. Thus, it records relevant information automatically. Shajahan (2004) asserts that the system can inform the managers of the items that must be ordered to shipping companies. The author asserted that this system aids business to ensure a high-quality of service for costumes and saves time in searching for the records in the manual system. This strategy is most preferred due to its accurate data or information provided; hence, it prevents companies from shutti ng down. Furthermore, inventory management avoids â€Å"overstocking,† which decreases expenses because of the clear picture of needed materials (Oz, 2009, p. 86). Invoicing Invoice generation refers to the issued bill of a seller to the buyer that includes the price, quantities, and scheduled date for payment (Sagner, 2011, p. 104). Ward (1995) initiates that invoicing, with the help of MIS, will avoid errors during the transaction period between the buyer and a seller. When conducting transactions, invoice design must be readable, clean, and accurate address and statements. Automated invoicing allows for designing the format that matches the criteria such as MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Recognition) or OCR (Optical Character Recognition) fonts. Thus, it will result in the efficient transaction because of accurate information indicated in the bill including discounts. Repetition and inconsistency of orders and storage prevent problems for managers. Order Fulfillment Costumer s are conscious of their time; hence, they want for a fast, accurate, and low-cost services provided to them. Through the help of MIS, the manager can attain the desires of her customers. When customers order for a specific book, the manager can check its availability on the warehouse and response immediately to their request, which increases customer satisfaction. When compared to manual management, the customer is obliged to wait until he garners the response. However, MIS "synchronize and manage the flow of materials" despite the complexity of resources (Ricker & Kalakota, 1999, p. 66). Thus, the manager can easily meet the demand of consumers and its changing preferences due to MIS. In addition, customer satisfaction increases due to the on-time distribution system. Unlike in the manual processing in Smith's bookstore, the customers were dissatisfied because the books are delivered late. With the help of inventory control system, the processing of order fulfillment is enhanced. It is noted that on-time delivery of orders signifies an efficient distribution operation. According to Ricker and Kalakota (1999), order fulfillment creates an impact on customers due to the following reasons: on-time delivery, less erroneous mistakes, and convenience in customer experience.  Ã‚  

Occupational Therapy as an Unheard Profession in the Country Essay

Occupational Therapy as an Unheard Profession in the Country - Essay Example I grew up in the rural area of Pakistan. Occupational therapy is an unheard profession in the country. In 2004, my family immigrated to the U.S. This serves as an avenue for me to pursue a career in occupational therapy. I enrolled in Santa Monica after completing high school. I worked and studied hard to fully grasp concepts and principles in Occupational therapy. I participated in marathons during high school and learn a valuable lesson in dedication. I thought that a couple of longer runs are sufficient in the preparation for a marathon. I realized that I was wrong after the marathon. I felt extremely disappointed with my performance because I knew I could have done better. I realized that I was not dedicating all my efforts to the marathon. This has made me realize the need to be fully dedicated and determined to pursue my desire to be an occupational therapist. I was able to finish high school and enroll in community college to pursue my desire to be an occupational therapist. Hopefully, I can earn a bachelor degree in your esteemed university. I have consistently maintained a 3.23 point average in my studies. I will work harder to maintain a higher point average to represent your university in the best possible manner. I possess a yearning to effectively address the needs of individuals who have mental, social, and physical disabilities. Contrary to common notion, these individuals require empathy and understanding instead of merely physical assistance. Dexterity and weakened areas of the body can be strengthened through rebuilding confidence among clients. Thus, physical needs, as well as psychological and emotional well-being of these individuals, should be addressed. There are various strategies to address the needs of individuals with mental, social, and physical disabilities.  

Abortion arguments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Abortion arguments - Essay Example Before going into the discussion regarding ethical issues related to abortions, let us get a better understanding of what abortion actually is. â€Å"Abortion is the intentional termination of a pregnancy after conception† Abortion in medical science is a process in which doctors, with the approval of the pregnant women, kill the fetus in order to terminate the pregnancy. â€Å"Abortion can lead to problems later in life as after all you are tampering with your body and obstructing the natural course of happenings† (Godbole). Abortions are either first trimester abortions or second trimester abortions (Ravichandran). First trimester abortions are caused due to genetic abnormalities, uterine abnormalities, or placental abnormalities, whereas second trimester abortions are caused due to trauma, hypertension, or increase in the cervical incompetence. Depending on the status of fetus, there are two different viewpoints regarding abortions. The people who consider abortions legal believe that fetus is not a person and a woman has the right to decide whether she wants to carry on with the pregnancy or not. Whereas the other side believes that fetus or embryo is a life within a woman, and killing a fetus is same like killing a human. There exist some ethical issues related to the decision of a woman to abort her pregnancy. Let us discuss some of those issues in some detail. Status of Fetus Fetus is an unborn form of a human whose development takes place inside the womb of a woman. The decision of a woman to abort the pregnancy is ethical if the fetus is dead and the woman do not feel any kind of movement inside the womb, whereas if the woman starts feeling some movements inside her womb, it means that the fetus is alive and in such cases, abortion is considered unethical in many societies. Some of the conditions in which abortions become ethical and make sense include dead fetus, abnormal structure of the fetus, and threat to the life of the mother. Rape of Forced Sex Rape or forced sex, makes abortion an ethical decision because the pregnancies, which occur due to rape, are without the consent or will of the woman involved in the incident. Therefore, a woman holds the right to terminate her pregnancy because neither she was ready for pregnancy nor she had any will for that. In the United State of America, people view rape or forced sex as the valid reasons of abortion. However, in Southeast Asian countries like Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, majority of people does not consider abortion ethical in any case because they have little awareness of the ethical dilemmas related to abortions. People belonging to such countries are usually more concerned about the issue rather than the cause of abortion. Whereas, in the European and American countries, people are very much aware of all issues related to abortion and they take the decision to abort the pregnancy based on valid justifications, such as, rape, forced sex, abnormal str ucture, threat to the life of the mother, and some other reasons. Health of Mother â€Å"An abortion can happen spontaneously as a result of complications during a pregnancy, or it can be induced† (Nordqvist). Threat to the life of the mother justifies abortion. The act of abortion becomes legal for both the woman and the family of the woman if the life of the woman falls in danger due to pregnancy. Life of mother is always more important than the life of an unborn child. A number of cases occur all over the world where doctors recommend the families of the pregnant women to let them drop the pregnancy because of the threat associated with the life of the mother due to some complexities related to the pregnancy. In such cases, the decision of terminating the pregnancy becomes ethical because it saves the life of the woman who can give normal birth to babies in future. Divorce Divorce is one of the major factors behind the increase in the number of abortions that take place al l over the

Your Job And Your Happiness Essay Example for Free

Your Job And Your Happiness Essay Happiness is commonly associated with pleasure and contentment. These are fairly subjective states of being, and their causes are equally subjective. However, when it comes to work or social life, employment clearly has the greater effect on happiness. Whether a job provides a social life, supports it, or interferes with it, it is tightly bound to happiness. For many people, work is their source of happiness in life. They follow their passions and don’t regard what they do as work. Their co-workers become their friend group, merging social life and work life into one. They often have jobs that make an impact on the world, and offer them contentment and self-fulfillment. These impassioned people see an outside social life as inconsequential, and they willingly and consciously give it up in favor of work they love. A job that regularly interferes with a normal social life creates an unbalanced life and lessens happiness. Hourly workers must often work overtime or on holidays, interfering with planned activities. Salaried workers frequently bring their work home with them, or they worry about their work responsibilities while at home. Others have to report to work at a moment’s notice any time of day or night. Some jobs require employees to work away from home for months or even years at a time. Conversely, an active social life rarely imposes on happiness gained from work. Positively or negatively, work has the greater influence on happiness. Passion-filled people draw happiness from their work. People whose jobs fund diverse life experiences receive happiness indirectly from their work. Those whose work encroaches on their personal lives also have their happiness impacted, albeit negatively. Work clearly has a more powerful connection to personal happiness than a social life does.

Google products Essay Example for Free

Google products Essay In 2011, 96% of Googles revenue was derived from its advertising programs.[116] For the 2006 fiscal year, the company reported $10.492 billion in total advertising revenues and only $112 million in licensing and other revenues.[117] Google has implemented various innovations in the online advertising market that helped make it one of the biggest brokers in the market. Using technology from the company DoubleClick, Google can determine user interests and target advertisements so they are relevant to their context and the user that is viewing them. [118][119] Google Analytics allows website owners to track where and how people use their website, for example by examining click rates for all the links on a page.[120] Google advertisements can be placed on third-party websites in a two-part program. Googles AdWords allows advertisers to display their advertisements in the Google content network, through either a cost-per-click or cost-per-view scheme. The sister service, Google AdSense, allows website owners to display these advertisements on their website, and earn money every time ads are clicked.[121] One of the disadvantages and criticisms of this program is Googles inability to combat click fraud, when a person or automated script clicks on advertisements without being interested in the product, which causes that advertiser to pay money to Google unduly. Industry reports in 2006 claim that approximately 14 to 20 percent of clicks were in fact fraudulent or invalid.[122] Furthermore, there has been controversy over Googles search within a search, where a secondary search box enables the user to find what they are looking for within a particular website. It was soon reported that when performing a search within a search for a specific company, advertisements from competing and rival companies often showed up along with those results, drawing users away from the site they were originally searching.[123] Another complaint against Googles advertising is its censorship of  advertisers, though many cases concern compliance with the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. For example, in February 2003, Google stopped showing the advertisements of Oceana, a non-profit organization protesting a major cruise ships sewage treatment practices. Google cited its editorial policy at the time, stating Google does not accept advertising if the ad or site advocates against other individuals, groups, or organizations.[124] The policy was later changed.[125] In June 2008, Google reached an advertising agreement with Yahoo!, which would have allowed Yahoo! to feature Google advertisements on its web pages. The alliance between the two companies was never completely realized due to antitrust concerns by the U.S. Department of Justice. As a result, Google pulled out of the deal in November 2008.[126][127] In an attempt to advertise its own products, Google launched a website called Demo Slam, developed to demonstrate technology demos of Google Products.[128] Each week, two teams compete at putting Googles technology into new contexts. Search Engine Journal said Demo Slam is a place where creative and tech-savvy people can create videos to help the rest of the world understand all the newest and greatest technology out there.[129] Search engine Main article: Google Search On February 14, 2012, Google updated its homepage with a minor twist. There are no red lines above the options in the black bar, and there is a tab space before the +You. The sign-in button has also changed, it is no longer in the black bar, instead under it as a button. Google Search, a web search engine, is the companys most popular service. According to market research published by comScore in November 2009, Google is the dominant search engine in the United States market, with a market share of 65.6%.[130] Google indexes billions[131] of web pages, so that users can search for the information they desire, through the use of keywords and operators. Despite its popularity, it has received criticism from a number of  organizations. In 2003, The New York Times complained about Googles indexing, claiming that Googles caching of content on its site infringed its copyright for the content.[132] In this case, the United States District Court of Nevada ruled in favor of Google in Field v. Google and Parker v. Google.[133][134] Furthermore, the publication 2600: The Hacker Quarterly has compiled a list of words that the web giants new instant search feature will not search.[135] Google Watch has also criticized Googles PageRank algorithms, saying that they discriminate against new websites and favor established sites,[136] and has made allegations about connections between Google and the NSA and the CIA.[137] Despite criticism, the basic search engine has spread to specific services as well, including an image search engine, the Google News search site, Google Maps, and more. In early 2006, the company launched Google Video, which allowed users to upload, search, and watch videos from the Internet.[138] In 2009, however, uploads to Google Video were discontinued so that Google could focus more on the search aspect of the service.[139] The company even developed Google Desktop, a desktop search application used to search for files local to ones computer (discontinued in 2011). Googles most recent development in search is its partnership with the United States Patent and Trademark Office to create Google Patents, which enables free access to information about patents and trademarks. One of the more controversial search services Google hosts is Google Books. The company began scanning books and uploading limited previews, and full books where allowed, into its new book search engine. The Authors Guild, a group that represents 8,000 U.S. authors, filed a class action suit in a New York City federal court against Google in 2005 over this new service. Google replied that it is in compliance with all existing and historical applications of copyright laws regarding books.[140] Google eventually reached a revised settlement in 2009 to limit its scans to books from the U.S., the UK, Australia and Canada.[141] Furthermore, the Paris Civil Court ruled against Google in late 2009, asking it to remove the works of La Martinià ¨re (Éditions du Seuil) from its database.[142] In competition with Amazon.com, Google plans to sell digital versions of new books.[143] On July 21, 2010, in response to newcomer Bing, Google updated its image search to display a streaming sequence of thumbnails that enlarge when pointed at. Though web searches still appear in a batch per page format, on July 23, 2010, dictionary definitions for certain English words began appearing above the linked results for web searches.[144] Googles algorithm was changed in March 2011, giving more weight to high-quality content[145] possibly by the use of n-grams to remove spun content.[146] Productivity tools In addition to its standard web search services, Google has released over the years a number of online productivity tools. Gmail, a free webmail service provided by Google, was launched as an invitation-only beta program on April 1, 2004,[147] and became available to the general public on February 7, 2007.[148] The service was upgraded from beta status on July 7, 2009,[149] at which time it had 146 million users monthly.[150] The service would be the first online email service with one gigabyte of storage, and the first to keep emails from the same conversation together in one thread, similar to an Internet forum.[147] The service currently offers over 7600 MB of free storage with additional storage ranging from 20 GB to 16 TB available for US$0.25 per 1 GB per year.[151] Furthermore, software developers know Gmail for its pioneering use of AJAX, a programming technique that allows web pages to be interactive without refreshing the browser.[152] One criticism of Gmail has been the potential for data disclosure, a risk associated with many online web applications. Steve Ballmer (Microsofts CEO),[153] Liz Figueroa,[154] Mark Rasch,[155] and the editors of Google Watch[156] believe the processing of email message content goes beyond proper use, but Google claims that mail sent to or from Gmail is never read by a human being beyond the account holder, and is only used to improve relevance of advertisements.[157] Google Docs, another part of Googles productivity suite, allows users to create, edit, and collaborate on documents in an online environment, not dissimilar to Microsoft Word. The service was originally called Writely, but was obtained by Google on March 9, 2006, where it was released as an invitation-only preview.[158] On June 6 after the acquisition, Google  created an experimental spreadsheet editing program,[159] which would be combined with Google Docs on October 10.[160] A program to edit presentations would complete the set on September 17, 2007,[161] before all three services were taken out of beta along with Gmail, Google Calendar and all products from the Google Apps Suite on July 7, 2009.[149] Enterprise products Googles search appliance Googles search appliance at the 2008 RSA Conference Google entered the enterprise market in February 2002 with the launch of its Google Search Appliance, targeted toward providing search technology for larger organizations.[26] Google launched the Mini three years later, which was targeted at smaller organizations. Late in 2006, Google began to sell Custom Search Business Edition, providing customers with an advertising-free window into Google.coms index. The service was renamed Google Site Search in 2008.[162] Google Apps is another primary Google enterprise service offering. The service allows organizations to bring Googles web application offerings, such as Gmail and Google Docs, into its own domain. The service is available in several editions: a basic free edition (formerly known as Google Apps Standard edition), Google Apps for Business, Google Apps for Education, and Google Apps for Government. Special editions include extras such as more disk space, API access, a service level agreement (SLA), premium support, and additional apps. In the same year Google Apps was launched, Google acquired Postini[163] and proceeded to integrate the companys security technologies into Google Apps[164] under the name Google Postini Services.[165] Additional Google enterprise offerings include geospatial solutions (e.g., Google Earth and Google Maps); security and archival solutions (e.g., Postini); and Chromebooks for business and education (i.e., personal computing run on browser-centric operating systems).

Reliability and Validity in Research

Reliability and Validity in Research The debate whether qualitative methods are reliable and valid have been contested for a long time between qualitative and quantitative researchers. Quantitative researchers approach research in a positivistic way where they believe there is a single truth, behaviours can be explained by Universal laws and research should be done objectively (Research Methodology, 2016). Most of the studies also involved using statistical methods to analyse. Today, quantitative research is valued by government and policy makers more as they are more reliable, generalizable and easier to analyse (Cannella and Lincoln, 2004 cited in Tracy, 2010). However, qualitative studies study issues in depth hence it should be valued more. In this essay, the definition of reliability and validity in quantitative and qualitative research will be discussed. Then requirements of a good qualitative research will be explored and interview as a data collection method will be evaluated. Reliability in quantitative research is defined by (Joppe, 2000, cited in Golafshani, 2003) as the Extent which results are consistent over time and accurate representation of the total population under study. This means similar results should be replicable at a different time and the sample should represent characteristics of the general population. Validity is whether the research measure what it intends to and how accurate the data is (Golafshani, 2003). Being objective is also important to ensure data are not biased which affects the reliability of the data. Meeting these objectives will ensure good quality quantitative research. In contrary, qualitative research focuses on structures and process behind to have a deeper understanding of a topic through methods such as interviews and discourse analysis. McDowell (1992) called these researchers critical realists and she believes the work they do can help explain a phenomenon whereas quantitative data are only useful in identifying the pattern as correlation does not equal to cause (empirical realists). Qualitative methods also aim to show that the world is complex (Schoenberger, 1991) and messy, therefore reliability does not apply and generalised as diversity is more important (Flyvberg, 2006). The meaning of validity is different in qualitative research as it does not measure anything. Golafshani (2003) defines it as Whether a study appears to be reasonable and appropriate. This is related to the method of data collection and analysis. However, some academics believe that validity should not be applied to qualitative research as the term is defined from a sci entific background. Therefore, alternative criteria are developed as part of a guideline to improve the quality of qualitative research which will be explored in the next section. There is an ongoing tension between rigour and creativity in the qualitative paradigm. To achieve good rigour, a universal standard could be developed to ensure the quality of work is consistent. However, this is rejected by most qualitative researchers as it limits the creativity of their work and results are usually unpredictable which means it will be difficult to meet the standard. Researchers hence need to strike a balance between the two and a guideline will be the most appropriate way to do so (Bailey et al, 1999). The guideline will allow researchers own interpretation of how rigour could be met based on their own circumstances. This will improve the reputation of qualitative research in the society and accepted more widely by the quantitative researchers and government agencies. It also allows researchers from different paradigm to learn from each other and improve their own research methods (Tracy, 2010) One such guideline was proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) cited in Baxter and Eyles (1997) who suggested four criteria evaluating qualitative studies to achieve rigour and trustworthiness. They try to apply criteria from quantitative into qualitative research. Firstly, it should be credible so that it is accurately representing the findings and can be trusted. The reader should be able to understand the issue easily by making the whole research and writing process plausible and persuasive (Richardson, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010). The second criteria is transferability where findings would be useful outside the study. This is similar to generalisability for quantitative research. However, there is less emphasis in qualitative research on that as each case would be different and no clear conclusion would usually be made. It can be transferable to the reader when they make their own interpretation and decide how each specific case could be useful to their own daily life (Tracy, 2010). T he third criteria is dependability developed from the idea of reliability. Although data collected from qualitative methods would not produce consistent results, the way data is transcribed, coded and analysed can be agreed between multiple researchers and participants to ensure interpretation would be consistent. The final criteria confirmability is based on objectiveness. This is The degree which findings are determined by the respondents and not by the motivations of the inquirer. (Lincoln and Guba, 1985. P.290 cited in Baxter and Eyles, 2010). This is needed to reduce the bias in qualitative data collection and results which is one of the main reason why it is less popular than quantitative research. Researcher being reflexive throughout the study is the main way to achieve this which will be explained further later in the essay. The criteria above could now be used to evaluate interview as a data collection method. There are three types of Qualitative interview which vary in the degree of freedom given to the participant when responding. Structured interview involves answering a set number of questions prepared before. A semi-structured interview provides a better interaction between the participant and the researcher, it is a guided conversation with a few predetermined question and prompts used when more information is needed, which is usually written as an interview guide (Longhurst, 2009). The guide improves the credibility (Baxter and Eyles, 1997) as it allows a better answer to be constructed by the participant. An Unstructured interview is rarely used as it is very difficult for the participant to speak for a long period of time on the same topic and could easily go off topic. Semi- structured is the most common qualitative research method as it strikes the balance between the ability for the participant to speak freely and structuring the interview (University of Leicester, Unknown) pro viding a certain degree of credibility. Conducting interview requires choosing participant carefully through sampling. Purposive sampling is usually used in which means choosing participants which fit with researchers criteria who are usually an insider to the topic of research. This means participants will be able to talk in great detail which is the aim of a qualitative interview. Other sampling methods such as snowball (interviewing friends of participants) and convenience are sometimes used due to difficulty in finding insiders. However, this will reduce the credibility of the research as they might have limited to say due to lack of knowledge in the area (Baxter and Eyles, 1997). Interviewing friends will make it harder to achieve credibility as participants might give accounts to satisfy the need of the researcher which might not reflect the real situation. The sample size is seen by quantitative researcher an important factor to produce good quality research. However, in qualitative interview, the number of intervie ws conducted is usually limited to around to 20 due to time and financial constraints (Baker and Edwards, 2012) Moreover, a large sample size is not needed as it is enough when the theoretical saturation is reached (Glaser and Strauss, 1967 cited in Bailey et al, 1999). This is where the themes identified during analysis are repeating and no new knowledge would be gained from interviewing more people. During the interview and analysing process, the language the researcher use is crucial to the outcome of the result as interviews are based on interpretation by different people (McDowell, 2010). The way a question is asked could receive a different response as same words might have different meanings to people. During transcription, the researcher might make his/her own interpretation when something is unclear and the final level of interpretation is made by the reader themselves (Schoenberger, 1991). To make the interview results transferable to the reader, the transcription and analysis should be narrative with thick description and minimal interpretation from the researcher. This should include detailed description and illustration of the situation (Tracy, 2010), for example using a direct quotation from the interview is a good way to achieve it. Methods to improve the credibility of research includes member check and language training. Member check involves sending a copy of the transcript and analysis to the participant (Long and Johnson, 2000) and ask for feedback. The researcher could also understand the language used in an industry before conducting an interview (Schoenberger, 1991). Both of these methods will reduce the chance of misinterpretation. After transcription, coding is done to identify common themes from different accounts. This is done by the researcher who chooses the themes. Due to limited space in journals, some section of the interview is therefore not analysed. As mentioned before, coding needs to be consistent for the research to be dependable through methods such as collaborative coding or the use of a coding book. Triangulation is a common method used to improve the credibility by using multiple sources and methods which give the same conclusion (Denzin, 1978 cited in Tracy, 2010). For example, using multiple quotations to support a statement made would improve the credibility of the research. Most importantly, researchers should be self-reflexive to improve credibility. They should think about their own positionalities and decide how to declare it to the reader (Longhurst, 2009). One way is to be transparent about how decisions are made during the research such as sampling and coding strategy. This could be attached as an appendix (Creswell and Miller, 2000 cited in Tracy, 2010) at the end to help a reader to decide whether they agree with researchers interpretation. Overall, interview as a data collection method can meet all the criteria proposed by Guba and Lincoln (1985) if the researcher is careful about every decision that was made and the language used to communicate with the reader. The guidelines are developed based on the idea of validity hence it can be said interview is also valid as a method but not in a positivistic way in terms of accuracy. They also suggested that When validity is present, it also represent reliability. Therefore, reliability does not have to be considered as it is irrelevant to qualitative studies. Currently, researchers are not being explicit enough in terms of their rationale and how things are done (Baxter and Eyles, 1997), the guideline will therefore help researchers to be more aware of the issue. However, the guideline should not be taken too seriously to the extent that it affects creativity which is the main objective of qualitative research, hence a balance between the two is needed. Bailey, C, White, C, and Pain R (1999) Evaluating qualitative research: dealing with the tension between science and creativity. Area. 31(2): 169-83. http://eprints.ncrm.ac.uk/2273/4/how_many_interviews.pdf Baxter, Jamie and Eyles, John (1997) Evaluating qualitative research in social geography: establishing rigour in interview analysis. Transactions . 22: 505-25. Golafshani, N. (2003). Understanding Reliability and Validity in Qualitative Research. The Qualitative Report, 8(4), 597-606. Retrieved from http://nsuworks.nova.edu/tqr/vol8/iss4/6 Long, T and Johnson, M. (2000). Rigour, reliability and validity in qualitative research Longhurst, R (2009) Interviews: In depth, semi-structured. In international Encyclopaedia of Geography McDowell, L. 1992. Valid games? A response to Erica Schoenberger. The Professional Geographer. 44(2), pp.212-15. McDowell, L. 2012. https://www.dawsonera.com/readonline/9781446206560 Research Methodology, 2016. http://research-methodology.net/research-philosophy/positivism/ Schoenberger, E. 1991. The corporate interview as a research method in economic geography. The Professional Geographer. 43(2), pp.180-9. Tracy, S.J.2010. Qualitative quality: Eight big-tent criteria for excellent qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry. 16(10), pp.837-51. http://www.le.ac.uk/oerresources/psychology/psa/unit5/page_09.htm